Treffer: LoRa Power Model for Energy Optimization in IoT Applications.

Highlights: What are the main findings? We experimentally characterized all operating states (startup, transmission, reception, and sleep) of the Semtech SX1276 LoRa transceiver and built a parametric power model validated against measurements. The model captures the dependence on transmission power (RFO vs. PA_BOOST), sleep strategy (VCC ON/OFF) and packetization effects, and it remains configurable for the number of reception events. What are the implications of the main findings? The model provides design guidelines for ultra-low power, harvested or battery-less IoT nodes, where minimizing the RF energy budget is critical. A distributable Python simulator based on the model allows other researchers to estimate system consumption and adapt the configuration to their own needs. Energy efficiency is a key requirement for Internet of Things (IoT) nodes, particularly in applications powered by energy harvesting that operate without batteries. In this work, we present a parametric power model of a LoRa transceiver (Semtech SX1276) aimed at ultra-low power remote sensing scenarios. The transceiver was characterized in all relevant states (startup, transmission, reception, and sleep), and the results were used to build a state-based model that predicts average power consumption as a function of transmission power, sleep strategy, packetization, and input data rate. Experimental validation confirmed that the cubic fit for transmission peaks achieves a determination coefficient of 0.99, while reception is added as a constant consumption. The model was implemented in a Python simulator that provides mean, best-case, and worst-case estimates of system power consumption, and it was validated in an ASIC-based sensor node demonstration, with predictions within 10% of measured values. The framework highlights the trade-offs between energy efficiency and robustness (e.g., minimal SF and no CRC vs. higher spreading factors and error-control) and supports the design of custom controllers for ultra-low power IoT nodes as well as more energy-permissive applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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