Treffer: Dr. Howard S. Barrows: Innovator of the Standardized Patient and Problem-Based Learning Revolutions in Health Professions Education.
Title:
Dr. Howard S. Barrows: Innovator of the Standardized Patient and Problem-Based Learning Revolutions in Health Professions Education.
Authors:
Mosher CJ; From the MGH Institute of Health Professions (C.J.M.), Boston, MA; and Department of Clinical Skills (C.J.M.), College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Source:
Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare [Simul Healthc] 2025 Dec 01; Vol. 20 (6), pp. 419-423. Date of Electronic Publication: 2025 Jul 07.
Publication Type:
Journal Article; Historical Article
Language:
English
Journal Info:
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101264408 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1559-713X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15592332 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Simul Healthc Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s):
Original Publication: Hagerstown, MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
MeSH Terms:
References:
Barrows HS. In: Bynum WF, Bynum H, eds. Dictionary of Medical Biography . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 2007.
Wallace P. Following the threads of an innovation: the history of standardized patients in medical education. Caduceus 1997;13:5–28.
Barrows HS. A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Med Educ 1986;20:481–486.
Neufeld VR, Barrows HS. The “McMaster Philosophy”: an approach to medical education. J Med Educ 1974;49:1040–1050.
Barrows HS, Tamblyn RM. Problem-Based Learning: An Approach to Medical Education . New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1980.
Barrows HS. Problem-based learning in medicine and beyond: a brief overview. New Dir Teach Learn 1996;1996(68):3–12.
Neville AJ. Problem-based learning and medical education forty years on. Med Princ Pract 2009;18(1):1–9.
Hung W, Jonassen DH, Liu R. Problem-based learning. In: Spector JM, Merrill MD, Van Merriënboer J, et al, eds. In Handbook of research on educational communications and technology , 3rd ed. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2008:499–500.
Schmidt HG. Problem-based learning: rationale and description. Med Educ 1983;17:11–16.
Albanese MA, Mitchell S. Problem-based learning: a review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues. Acad Med 1993;68:52–81.
Barrows HS. The Tutorial Process . Springfield, IL: Southern Illinois University School of Medicine; 1988.
Barrows HS. How to Design a Problem-Based Curriculum for the Preclinical Years . New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1985.
Norman GR, Schmidt HG. The psychological basis of problem-based learning: a review of the evidence. Acad Med 1992;67:557–565.
Wood DF. ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: problem based learning. Br Med J 2003;326:328–330.
Barrows HS. An overview of the uses of standardized patients for teaching and evaluating clinical skills. Acad Med 1993;68:443–451.
Mason GC: The development of an 8 mm single-concept film on the Dewey Decimal System. Master's thesis, Central Washington University, 1969. Available at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/1280 . Accessed May 4, 2025.
Barrows HS, Abrahamson S. The programmed patient: a technique for appraising student performance in clinical neurology. J Med Educ 1964;39:802–805.
Vu NV, Barrows HS, Marcy ML, Verhulst SJ, Colliver JA, Travis TA. Six years of comprehensive, clinical, performance-based assessment using standardized patients at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Acad Med 1992;67:42–50.
Nestel D, Bearman M, Brooks P, et al. Simulated Patient Methodology: Theory, Evidence and Practice . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.
Barrows HS: Simulated (Standardized) Patients and Other Human Simulations, 1987, Box 8, Object 10. Founding Figures Collection of Medical Education, SOM 001. Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Archives. Available at: https://libarchive.siumed.edu/public/repositories/2/archival_objects/596 . Accessed May 4, 2025.
Cooper BA. The P-4 Deck (Portable Patient Problem Pack): educational tool of the future? Can J Occup Ther 1983;50:21–24.
Wallace P. Following the threads of an innovation: the history of standardized patients in medical education. Caduceus 1997;13:5–28.
Barrows HS. A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Med Educ 1986;20:481–486.
Neufeld VR, Barrows HS. The “McMaster Philosophy”: an approach to medical education. J Med Educ 1974;49:1040–1050.
Barrows HS, Tamblyn RM. Problem-Based Learning: An Approach to Medical Education . New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1980.
Barrows HS. Problem-based learning in medicine and beyond: a brief overview. New Dir Teach Learn 1996;1996(68):3–12.
Neville AJ. Problem-based learning and medical education forty years on. Med Princ Pract 2009;18(1):1–9.
Hung W, Jonassen DH, Liu R. Problem-based learning. In: Spector JM, Merrill MD, Van Merriënboer J, et al, eds. In Handbook of research on educational communications and technology , 3rd ed. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2008:499–500.
Schmidt HG. Problem-based learning: rationale and description. Med Educ 1983;17:11–16.
Albanese MA, Mitchell S. Problem-based learning: a review of literature on its outcomes and implementation issues. Acad Med 1993;68:52–81.
Barrows HS. The Tutorial Process . Springfield, IL: Southern Illinois University School of Medicine; 1988.
Barrows HS. How to Design a Problem-Based Curriculum for the Preclinical Years . New York: Springer Publishing Company; 1985.
Norman GR, Schmidt HG. The psychological basis of problem-based learning: a review of the evidence. Acad Med 1992;67:557–565.
Wood DF. ABC of learning and teaching in medicine: problem based learning. Br Med J 2003;326:328–330.
Barrows HS. An overview of the uses of standardized patients for teaching and evaluating clinical skills. Acad Med 1993;68:443–451.
Mason GC: The development of an 8 mm single-concept film on the Dewey Decimal System. Master's thesis, Central Washington University, 1969. Available at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/1280 . Accessed May 4, 2025.
Barrows HS, Abrahamson S. The programmed patient: a technique for appraising student performance in clinical neurology. J Med Educ 1964;39:802–805.
Vu NV, Barrows HS, Marcy ML, Verhulst SJ, Colliver JA, Travis TA. Six years of comprehensive, clinical, performance-based assessment using standardized patients at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Acad Med 1992;67:42–50.
Nestel D, Bearman M, Brooks P, et al. Simulated Patient Methodology: Theory, Evidence and Practice . Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.
Barrows HS: Simulated (Standardized) Patients and Other Human Simulations, 1987, Box 8, Object 10. Founding Figures Collection of Medical Education, SOM 001. Southern Illinois University School of Medicine Archives. Available at: https://libarchive.siumed.edu/public/repositories/2/archival_objects/596 . Accessed May 4, 2025.
Cooper BA. The P-4 Deck (Portable Patient Problem Pack): educational tool of the future? Can J Occup Ther 1983;50:21–24.
Contributed Indexing:
Keywords: Dr. Howard S. Barrows; Standardized patients; health professions education; medical history; problem-based learning; simulation-based education
Entry Date(s):
Date Created: 20250707 Date Completed: 20251201 Latest Revision: 20251208
Update Code:
20251208
DOI:
10.1097/SIH.0000000000000870
PMID:
40622233
Database:
MEDLINE
Weitere Informationen
Summary Statement: This special article explores the transformative contributions of Dr. Howard S. Barrows to health professions education, focusing on his pioneering development of two seminal methodologies: problem-based learning and standardized patients. Drawing on Barrows's work, educational literature, and the reflections of Gayle Gliva-McConvey, a leading pioneer in standardized patient methodology and close collaborator of Dr. Barrows, this article provides an in-depth historical account of how these innovations reshaped curriculum design, clinical reasoning, and simulation-based assessment. It also discusses the global adoption, theoretical underpinnings, and enduring impact of these learner-centered strategies, which continue to shape health professions education today.
(Copyright © 2025 Society for Simulation in Healthcare.)
The author declares no conflict of interest.